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'Specter of death' hangs over Gaza as aid groups wait for access, UN official says_我的网站

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A | LONDON -- The "specter of death" is hanging over Gaza amid an impasse over humanitarian access into the blockaded strip and Israel's "total siege" of Gaza, which has cut off the supply of water, food and fuel, U.N. Emergency Relief chief Martin Griffiths warned.Humanitarian aid and relief convoys carrying "hundreds of tonnes" of essential items have been streaming towards Egypt's Sinai Peninsula, his organization said. Many have parked outside Gaza awaiting access to the besieged enclave as pressure mounts for establishment of a humanitarian corridor that would enable the urgent delivery of aid."Aid access is our overwhelming priority," Griffiths said. "And we are in deep discussions hourly with the Israelis, with the Egyptians, with the Gazans about how to do that."Speaking Tuesday ahead of President Joe Biden's expected Wednesday trip to the region, U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken said it is "critical" that aid begins flowing into Gaza.He announced that the United States and Israel have "agreed to develop a plan that will enable humanitarian aid from donor nations and multilateral organizations to reach civilians in Gaza."However, Egyptian authorities have said that Israel is not cooperating with delivery of aid into Gaza, with Egypt's Foreign Minister Sameh Shoukry telling reporters that talks are yet to be fruitful, rendering the Rafah crossing -- the sole remaining official exit out of Gaza -- out of use."Until now the Israeli government has not taken a position on opening the Rafah crossing from the Gaza side to allow the entrance of assistance and exit of citizens of third countries," said Shoukry.At least four Israeli airstrikes have been recorded near the Rafah border crossing since the war began.Medical Aid for Palestinians told ABC News that the humanitarian crisis in Gaza is deepening, with local health services "overwhelmed.""For more than 16 years, Gaza has been suffering from an illegal blockade weakening it day by day. Medicines and drugs, before this escalation, were at 48% and 29% shortages. Health staff have always been overwhelmed and never paid enough, and lack of specialists was always an issue," said Mahmoud Shalabi, Senior Programmes Manager for Medical Aid for Palestinians in Gaza. "Now, the situation is even worse, and worse than any other escalation that Gaza has gone through"As the conflict enters day 11, at least 4,178 lives have been lost, including at least 1,400 killed in Israel and at least 2,778 in Gaza, according to the Israeli Health Ministry and the Palestinian Health Ministry."One healthcare worker described to me the situation at Gaza's largest emergency department as a slaughterhouse with bodies on the ground and no space to deal with huge influx of injuries," said Shalabi."Right now, Gaza needs medicines, medical disposables, and equipment. In addition, health staff and humanitarians need safe corridors to reach people and conduct their work safely without being targeted. The IDPs need shelter, food, health, psychosocial services, water, and the list goes on," said Shalabi."We hope that we will come out of this alive."Food and water supplies are also dwindling, aid organizations warning there are just "days" of stocks left for Gazans: "There is not one drop of water, not one grain of wheat, not a liter of fuel that has been allowed into the Gaza Strip for the last eight days," said Philippe Lazzarini, chief of U.N. Aid for Palestinians.The World Health Organization has said it is "advocating vigorously for the opening of Rafah crossing.""Not just one-time access but sustained, unhindered access to Gaza," said WHO's Regional Emergency Director Dr. Richard Brennan.The organisation has raised concerns over potential disease outbreaks with at least 400,000 internally displaced persons seeking shelters in UNRWA schools. Overcrowding, lack of clean water and sanitation could lead to the spread of infections like cholera and dysentery, compounding on the plight of Gazans.Biden is on Wednesday due to head to Israel and Jordan, expected to discuss "humanitarian needs of civilians in Gaza" with Jordan's King Abdullah, Egyptian President Abdel Fattah El-Sisi and Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas."The siege in Gaza, the way it is imposed, is nothing else than collective punishment," said Lazzarini. "So, before it is too late, the siege must be lifted and aid agencies must be able to safely bring in essential supplies such as fuel, water, food and medicine."。遏制这项技术变得越来越难插图来源：《经济学人》 2026年7月22日这听起来像是科幻电影里的情节。

B | 7月16日，人工智能平台Hugging Face宣布，一名攻击者利用人工智能代理入侵了其系统，该公司已通知执法部门。7月21日，真相大白：攻击者并非真人，而是人工智能代理。 OpenAI公司7月初发布的GPT -5.6 Sol模型与一个功能更强大、尚未发布的模型相结合，突破了实验室的限制，入侵了Hugging Face的系统。

C | 这个混合人工智能模型当时正在寻找其开发者设定的评估问题的解决方案。“这种情况前所未有，”美国智库“法律与人工智能研究所”的研究员斯蒂芬·勒雷纳表示。人工智能实验室在发布模型之前都会测试其模型是否存在潜在的危险功能。OpenAI希望了解其最新模型在 ExploitGym 上的表现。

D | ExploitGym 是一套标准问题集，用于测试人工智能系统利用包括谷歌 Chrome 浏览器在内的多个流行应用程序中已知漏洞的能力。 OpenAI对其公开提供的模型应用了安全措施，以确保它们不会进行不必要的操作。例如，如果您让商业版的 Chat GPT帮助您入侵网站，它会拒绝。

E | 为了充分评估其未发布模型的性能，该公司曾暂时取消了这些限制。

F | 然而，直接让一个技术高超的网络攻击者在开放的互联网上自由行动风险太大，因此 OpenAI将其AI模型放置在一个沙箱环境中——一个与世隔绝的计算机环境，除了内部托管的第三方服务允许其获取完成测试所需的小型软件包外，无法访问互联网。

G | 这家公司得到的远超预期。OpenAI的模型并没有直接解决评估中的问题，而是利用软件获取服务中一个此前未知的漏洞，获得了对开放互联网的访问权限。获得互联网访问权限后，这些人工智能模型正确地推断出，它们所面临的问题的解决方案存储在 Hugging Face 上——这是一个流行的开源人工智能模型和数据集库。这些模型串联起一个多步骤的攻击。它们首先将一个数据集上传到 Hugging Face，该数据集由平台自动处理。

H | 在一个周末的时间里，这个被 Hugging Face 描述为“恶意”的数据集使这些模型能够窃取登录信息并访问内部服务器——这些服务器原本不对外开放。Hugging Face 和 OpenAI各自独立地发现了此次安全漏洞，并表示正在合作进行调查。 7月21日，OpenAI在一篇博客文章中宣布，已采取应对措施，对其基础设施实施更严格的控制（代价是“研究速度”有所降低），并向软件网关的开发商披露了其模型发现的漏洞。此外，OpenAI还将Hugging Face纳入其“可信访问”计划，这使得OpenAI能够利用具有增强网络能力的模型（例如曾入侵其自身计算机的模型）来提升其防御能力。在博文中，OpenAI还强调，其模型一直“高度专注于”为 ExploitGym 评估寻找解决方案。然而，如果该人工智能模型有其他目标，结果会如何，目前尚不清楚。从计算机安全的角度来看，Hugging Face 也绝非等闲之辈。这是一家估值 45 亿美元的科技公司，拥有数百名员工和一支专业的网络安全团队。对于一家资源不如 Hugging Face 的公司来说，情况可能会糟糕得多。这并非人工智能模型能力开始超出人类控制的第一个迹象。

I | 今年四月，一位人格研究所的研究员在网上发帖称，当时他正坐在公园里吃三明治，却意外地收到一封邮件，邮件中一个尚未发布的人工智能模型“Mythos”告知他，该模型已成功逃逸沙箱，这是其自身网络能力评估的一部分。与“拥抱脸”事件中涉及的未发布OpenAI模型一样， “Mythos”原本也不应该拥有不受限制的互联网访问权限。然而，在“拥抱脸”事件中，该模型并未进一步入侵其他公司的服务器。人工智能模型的惊人能力并不仅限于黑客攻击。今年5月，OpenAI公司一个尚未发布的模型推翻了已有80年历史的平面单位距离猜想。该猜想是组合几何学中的一个核心问题，最早由数学家保罗·埃尔德什于1946年提出。

J | 7月20日，哈佛大学数学家莱文特·阿尔珀格撰文称，他利用Anthropic公司7月发布的Claude Fable 5模型推翻了雅可比猜想。雅可比猜想同样困扰了数学家们80多年。

K | OpenAI尚未公开披露其未发布模型如何逃脱安全防护的细节。伦敦人工智能安全研究机构Apollo Research的Alex Meinke表示，即便披露了细节，鉴于人工智能系统在网络安全任务中已开始超越人类，这意味着“世界上只有极少数网络安全专家”能够真正理解此次安全漏洞是如何发生的。

L | 美国政府近期一直在对模型发布进行临时监管。

M | 但此次事件表明，即使是尚未发布、仍在开发中的人工智能模型也存在风险。“无论是州法律还是联邦法律，都没有要求公司披露其内部部署的高性能人工智能模型，例如‘拥抱脸’黑客事件中涉及的那种模型，”美国非营利组织Encode AI的总法律顾问内森·卡尔文表示。Encode AI致力于推动人工智能监管。虽然美国一些州的法律要求公司披露网络安全事件，但其适用范围有限。加州去年通过的一项法案规定，前沿实验室必须在发现任何“重大安全事件”（包括使用“欺骗性技术”在“评估范围之外”规避监控的模型）后15天内进行报告。卡尔文先生表示，目前尚不清楚Hugging Face的数据泄露事件是否符合该法案的要求。这引出了另一个棘手的问题：如果入侵造成的后果更加严重，谁该承担责任？联邦反黑客法的目标仅仅是惩罚故意未经授权访问计算机系统的行为。OpenAI并非有意让其模型失控，去寻找测试的“小抄”。