原标题：拜登签署新行政命令“扩大美国生物制造”再引国内CXO板块跳水 反复风险“预演”或倒逼产业发展每经记者：林姿辰 每经编辑：魏官红今日（9月13日）开盘，CXO（医药外包）概念板块持续走低，其中海外收入占比较高的几家龙头企业股价下落明显。

B | 截至当日收盘，药明生物（HK02269，股价53.4港元，市值2277.51亿港元）跌19.94%，康龙化成（HK03759，股价42.15港元，市值502.04亿港元）跌14.68%，泰格医药（HK03347，股价69.1港元，市值602.85亿港元）跌9.67%。    

    Photo: screenshot of the CNA documentary Inside Unit 731: Japan's Secret Human Experiments
A documentary revisiting the Imperial Japanese Army's lethal human experiments and biological warfare program has attracted more than 1 million views online, bringing renewed global attention to one of World War II's darkest chapters and a history still little known outside Asia.
Produced by Singapore-based Channel NewsAsia (CNA), Inside Unit 731: Japan's Secret Human Experiments features historians and descendants of survivors from countries including the UK, the US, Japan and Singapore. Through their accounts, the documentary details the germ warfare, human experimentation and other crimes against humanity committed by Unit 731 - officially known as the Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department of the Kwantung Army - during Japan's war of aggression.
Several US, Singaporean and Japanese scholars featured in the documentary recently told the Global Times that the evidence of Unit 731's crimes against humanity is irrefutable. The atrocities represent a shared trauma not only for Asian countries subjected to Japanese fascist aggression, but also for all humanity. "More than 80 years after the war, reviving the collective memory of affected countries is essential to safeguarding peace," they said.
Victims of germ warfare
For much of his life, Katsutoshi Takegami knew only that his father had once worked in China. It was not until years after his father's death that a discovery in the family storehouse prompted the 78-year-old resident of Komagane, Nagano Prefecture, Japan, to investigate what that work had involved.
Several thick photo albums had been packed into boxes marked "Nara Army Hospital." Across the black-and-white photographs were references to the "Epidemic Prevention Section" and the "Central China Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department."
"My father worked at a local public health center after World War II. He had mentioned that he had worked in China, but never revealed any details," Takegami told the Global Times. "When I saw those photographs, I desperately wanted to know what my father had done in China."
Determined to find an answer, Takegami closed the café he had spent years building, began examining historical records and consulted researchers. He even traveled to China in search of clues.
His investigation eventually revealed that his father had been a member of Unit 1644, also known as Unit Ei 1644, a germ-warfare formation based in Nanjing. The discovery came as a profound shock.
"When people talk about the Imperial Japanese Army's germ warfare, Unit 731 is usually the first thing that comes to mind. In fact, the Japanese military operated many such units," Takegami said.
"The general public knows almost nothing about them, and very few scholars study them. Historical evidence shows that the areas victimized by germ warfare extended far beyond Harbin, where Unit 731 was headquartered. China was by no means the only victimized country," he added.
For Singaporean independent scholar Lim Shao Bin, the realization that this biological warfare network had reached Southeast Asia came on February 14, 2016.
That day, Nobuyoshi Takashima, professor emeritus at the University of the Ryukyus, and his wife took Lim to the former Tampoi Mental Hospital on the outskirts of Johor Bahru, Malaysia. Pointing to a row of buildings, Takashima told him: "This was a wartime production base for Unit 731's plague bombs."
"That cut deeply into me," Lim told the Global Times. "I had studied in Japan since the 1980s and believed I knew a great deal about the crimes committed by the Japanese invaders in China. But I never imagined that Singapore and Malaysia - right on our doorstep - had also suffered at the hands of Unit 731."
From that day forward, Lim began systematically tracing the activities of Japanese germ-warfare units in Southeast Asia.
He explained that the Epidemic Prevention Research Laboratory of the Imperial Japanese Army Medical School established the Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department of the Kwantung Army in Pingfang, Harbin, which became known as Unit 731.
    Photo: screenshot of the CNA documentary Inside Unit 731: Japan's Secret Human Experiments
Using Unit 731 as the center of its operations, the Japanese military established the North China Expeditionary Army Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department in Beijing, known as Unit 1855; Unit Ei 1644 in Nanjing; and Unit Nami 8604 in Guangzhou.
''Yet this network still contained a major missing piece - Southeast Asia,'' Lim said.
The Japanese military established the Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department of Southern Expeditionary Army in Singapore under the code name Oka Unit 9420. Together, these interconnected germ-warfare formations constituted what Lim described as the "Unit 731 system."
A map compiled by Lim marks five branches of Oka Unit 9420 across Southeast Asia: the Malaya, Java, Manila, Indochina and Thailand branches. These facilities produced plague bacilli and fleas on a large scale, supplying the Japanese military with biological warfare materials and forming a regional germ-warfare network.
Historical documents indicate that Oka Unit 9420 was the largest Japanese germ-warfare unit operating outside the China theater.
In May 2025, Lim and Wang Xuan, president of the Zhejiang Provincial Historical Society's research association on the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression (1931-45), published a book on the Japanese Army's Oka Unit 9420 after five years of extensive research and writing.
The book offered the first comprehensive account of this nearly forgotten unit and was also the first historical monograph devoted to the Southern Expeditionary Army Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department.
Work far from over
The CNA documentary traces the origins of Japan's biological warfare ambitions to the 1925 Geneva Protocol, humanity's first major post-World War I attempt to prohibit the use of chemical and biological weapons.
Instead of treating the prohibition as a moral boundary, Shiro Ishii, the notorious commander of Unit 731, recognized the enormous military value of such weapons and regarded them as "a decisive means of winning future wars," according to the documentary.
Unit 731 presented itself publicly as an epidemic-prevention and public health organization. Its real purpose, however, was to conduct secret human experiments in support of biological warfare.
The experiments included infecting victims with plague-bearing fleas, injecting them with dysentery pathogens and subjecting them to frostbite tests in temperatures dozens of degrees below zero.
Japanese soldiers referred to prisoners of war and civilian victims as maruta, meaning "logs," stripping them of their humanity before using them as experimental subjects. Everyone sent into the laboratories eventually died.
As Lim's research shows, the system supporting these experiments extended far beyond Unit 731's headquarters in Harbin.
In February 2018, Lim obtained exclusive access to a reel of wartime film footage shot after 1942 by Tomosada Masuda, a close associate and former schoolmate of Ishii who later became a core member of Unit 731. The footage documented the activities of Oka Unit 9420 in Southeast Asia.
"Harbin's severe winters made it impossible to breed plague-infected fleas on a large scale throughout the year, so Unit 731 urgently needed a warm and humid cultivation base," Lim said. "The optimal conditions for breeding the fleas were temperatures of 27 to 30 C and humidity of around 90 percent. Singapore's climate met all of these requirements."
Another document preserved in a Japanese archive showed that Japanese military "researchers" had successfully isolated a new virus from rats in Singapore and planned to transport it to Unit 731's headquarters in Harbin.
Lim said the virus was not originally native to Singapore but had been deliberately cultivated and introduced by the Japanese military. The Japanese Imperial Army recorded the body temperatures, symptoms and other experimental data of 70 test subjects in detail.
"The documentary examines in depth the crucial role Singapore played in the broader biological warfare operation," Alexis Dudden, a professor of history at the University of Connecticut, told the Global Times. "This not only expands the geographical scope of research into Unit 731's criminal activities, but also makes one point clear: This history cannot simply be characterized as a dispute between China and Japan. At its core, it was a transnational crime done by Japanese imperial expansion."
Dudden also pointed to the testimony of Hideo Shimizu, a former teenage recruit of Unit 731 who appeared in the documentary. Accounts by those who directly witnessed the unit's activities demonstrate that "the work of exposing this dark history is far from over," she said.
The documentary also highlights the stark disparity in postwar accountability.
After World War II, the victorious Allied powers conducted international trials of leading Nazi war criminals and criminal organizations in Nuremberg, Germany. Yet many of Unit 731's "executioners" returned to Japanese society, where they resumed ordinary careers in medicine and other professions.
"In a sense, this forces all of us to ask: How could a person commit such horrifying crimes, then return home and continue to act as a caring partner, a kind friend or a responsible parent?" Dudden said.
Understand history, learn from it
As of press time, "Inside Unit 731: Japan's Secret Human Experiments" has attracted more than 1.13 million views on YouTube and other platforms, with the figure rising.
Its reception raises a broader question: Why has a history rooted in wartime Asia resonated so strongly with audiences across national borders?
"Many people outside China know little or nothing about this history," Dudden said. "For a long time, international understanding of Unit 731 has not merely contained blind spots. It has been marked by widespread historical ignorance - people simply do not know this history."
Dudden cited an example from the university where she teaches. An accomplished professor who held a doctorate from Kyoto University and had spent years living and working in Japan was stunned after watching the documentary.
"I grew up in Bosnia and worked and lived in Japan for many years. My own grandparents died in Nazi concentration camps, yet I had never heard of this history," the professor said.
The professor urged Dudden to introduce the documentary in her classes and help disseminate the historical truth about Unit 731 because "everyone can and must understand this history and learn from it."
At the same time, Dudden emphasized that "understanding history and learning historical knowledge does not mean hating Japan or the Japanese people."
Asked by the Global Times what lessons remembering and reflecting on history can offer for preventing past tragedies from recurring and safeguarding peace and justice, amid Japan's accelerating rightward shift and mounting conflicts worldwide, Dudden said that "choosing silence in the face of atrocities is, to some extent, tantamount to abetting evil."
"Collective numbness and inaction can all too easily give rise to further harm. If humanity is unwilling to reflect together and defend our shared human values, similar tragedies will very likely happen again. Therein lies the answer," Dudden said. 
For historians, years of work with archival materials are essential to identifying decisive evidence and exposing the falsehoods of historical denialists, Dudden said.
"But the challenge remains: Distorted and sanitized narratives have already hardened into mainstream opinion in some countries," she noted. "From this perspective, the historical truth about Unit 731, including that presented in CNA's documentary, deserves to be disseminated widely."
Da Zhigang, a research fellow at the Institute of Northeast Asian Studies of the Heilongjiang Academy of Social Sciences, told the Global Times that the Imperial Japanese Army's germ warfare, chemical warfare and other atrocities were not confined to China.
They also spread across Southeast Asia and the Pacific theater, inflicting profound suffering on people in numerous countries, he said.
Da said the Japanese government has long pursued historical revisionism by deliberately confining its wartime crimes to a bilateral China-Japan framework. It has even substituted concepts and reversed right and wrong, portraying a deliberately launched war of aggression as "an act of self-defense under a complex international environment," he said.
Such narratives seek to reduce the perceived geographical scope of Japan's atrocities and dilute its responsibility for wartime crimes, Da noted.
"Japan's historical revisionism is, in essence, a flagrant violation of the spirit of the UN Charter, international human rights norms and the principles of Japan's own Constitution," Da said. 
"The current Sanae Takaichi administration uses AI and other means to manipulate public opinion, continually poisoning the Japanese public's understanding of history and fundamentally distorting the purpose of peace education," Da said. 
"This erroneous view of history is highly transmissible and has serious spillover effects. It undermines the foundations of Japan's relations with regional countries and risks triggering a chain of negative consequences with lasting repercussions," the expert warned.
Many Asia-Pacific countries share memories of suffering under Japanese militarism as well as a strong emotional resonance rooted in that history. This provides a solid foundation for building a multilateral system of historical accountability, Da said.
Victimized countries across the region should preserve their shared historical memory, work together to expose false narratives promoted by Japan's right wing and fully restore the historical record of Japanese aggression, he added. Such efforts would provide a firm historical basis for upholding regional peace and justice.
For Lim, turning that goal into reality requires overcoming serious obstacles. The countries of Southeast Asia were ruled by different colonial powers during the war, and their archives were consequently preserved in different languages. Records relating to Singapore and Malaysia were largely written in English under British colonial rule, those in Indonesia in Dutch, and those in Vietnam in French.
Already scarce documents are therefore scattered across different countries and divided by linguistic barriers, leaving researchers with very limited material, Lim added.
"Unit 731's germ warfare, human experimentation and other crimes are not only a source of pain for China. They are a shared trauma for all Asian countries that suffered Japanese aggression, and for humanity as a whole," Lim said. "Researching this history is therefore not the responsibility of any one country, but a common responsibility of the international community."
Lim called on countries to strengthen archival sharing and academic cooperation, break down linguistic and national barriers, and jointly uncover more historical truths that have remained buried.
"More than 80 years after the war, reviving the collective memory of affected countries is essential to safeguarding peace," Lim said. "Only by facing history squarely and reflecting on it can we prevent such tragedy from recurring and build a solid foundation for peace." 
。消息面上，据环球网报道，美国广播公司（ABC）称美国总统拜登于当地时间12日签署了一项鼓励美国生物技术生产和研究的行政命令。报道称，该命令旨在促进制药业以及农业、塑料和能源等行业的美国制造。而环球网援引媒体报道称，此举是在“回应中国在生物技术方面的挑战”。值得注意的是，这不是CXO板块股价首次异动。无论是UVL（未经核实名单）、还是影响难辨的产业链政策，击中的大多是CXO公司收入对海外地区较为依赖，以及产业链上游暂未实现完全国产替代的短板。争锋生物医药产业：拜登二度签署相关行政命令 美国白宫9月12日发布的文件揭露了更多细节。据界面新闻报道，白宫官网信息显示，拜登12日签署的行政令是为了启动“国家生物技术和生物制造倡议”。值得注意的是，这不是拜登首次对生物医药产业“动刀”。

C | 去年2月，拜登曾签署一项行政命令，对包括药品在内的四种关键产品的供应链进行为期100天的审查及更深入的一年期审查，并在之后发布的百日报告中明确提出要进一步加强制药供应链措施。界面新闻报道称，白宫声明指出，美国“过度依赖”外国材料和生物制造，多年来将生物技术等关键行业离岸外包的做法威胁到了美国获取关键材料的能力。而近年来在国际市场强势突围的中国CXO企业，被不少业内人士认为是此次美国方面新行政命令的针对对象之一。对于生物产业发展，今年5月，我国国家发展和改革委员会也印发了首部生物经济五年规划。《“十四五”生物经济发展规划》明确提出要“加快突破生物经济发展瓶颈，实现科技自立自强，提升产业链供应链安全稳定水平”。图片来源：摄图网-501514500打雷不一定会下雨：细则出台前影响仍不明朗 “昨天圈内就在转这个消息了，大家都担心相关影响，你看今天跌得多的，大多是海外收入占比很高的企业，整个板块就被拖下去了。”9月13日，一名不愿具名的业内人士对《每日经济新闻》表示。据《每日经济新闻》记者梳理，2021年，国内头部CXO企业药明康德、康龙化成、泰格医药的境外业务收入占比分别为75%、83%和47%，这3家公司收入均对海外地区有不同程度的依赖。9月13日，CIC灼识咨询合伙人王文华接受《每日经济新闻》记者采访时表示，此次行政命令对中国CXO企业产生的影响还不明朗，需要观察美国方面后续出台的细则是否明确指向医药研发生产的外包服务。在王文华看来，从产业发展的视角，若将CXO产业链整体从中国转移至美国，对很多美国药企来说并不是一个最优决定。这是因为与美国本土CXO企业相比，中国CXO行业拥有更低的人工成本与更快的临床患者招募速度，在临床前与临床阶段均能提供性价比极高的解决方案。放弃这些理想的服务外包对象，让当地药企面临巨额的研发成本增长与更慢的临床进度，显然违背了拜登签署相关行政命令的初衷。上述业内人士也持有类似观点，其认为国内CRO企业在价格、人力成本上有优势，生产效率也好很多，服务能力能满足国际化的要求，相关政策很难在短期内对中国CXO企业的发展构成显著影响。多次风险“演练”：倒逼国内CXO企业补短板 国内CXO板块股价被情绪“错杀”已不是首次。尽管业内人士普遍认为中外医药产业链全面脱钩的可能性很小，但国内CXO产业链目前暂未完全实现国产替代，以及中美创新生物制药体量和水平的客观差距，或是CXO企业投资者容易成为“惊弓之鸟”的根本原因。而在一次次的风险“演练”中，国内CXO产业短板反复显现，也倒逼CXO产业链在国产替代、突破卡脖子技术方面的加速发展。例如，国内多家CXO企业已在海外进行生物制造基础设施布局。以国际化进度最快的药明生物为例，其在中国、美国、爱尔兰、德国和新加坡拥有超过1万名员工。今年7月，公司宣布计划未来十年内投资14亿美元在新加坡建设一体化CRDMO服务中心，拓展生物药发现、开发和大规模原液及制剂生产的能力和规模，建成后预计将创造1500个研发和生产专业岗位，并将在2026年为公司新增12万升生物制药产能。2021年，康龙化成用于内部建设和外延并购的资本开支分别为20.93亿元和14.37亿元。继去年并购Absorption基因细胞疗法和ABL生物制剂业务后，今年1月、7月先后收购英国Cramlington和美国Coventry原料药基地，进一步布局全球小分子生产服务能力。可以预见，未来国内CXO产业仍将曲折成长，但也需要及时安抚投资者情绪。

D | 王文华表示，本轮CXO企业股价下跌一定程度上存在市场中投资者的过度反应，国内企业能做的一方面是持续平稳地开展业务，从公司运营角度最小化政策变动可能导致的短期影响；另一方面，在面对投资者相关提问时尽量做到对事实快速且详实澄清，打消投资者的相关疑虑。每日经济新闻返回搜狐，查看更多责任编辑：